emetic \sdrug

Any substance that causes nausea and vomiting is known as an emetic. Emetics are only used to treat poisoning caused by certain poisons that have been consumed. Ipecac syrup, made from the dried roots of Carapichea ipecacuanha, a plant native to Brazil and Central America, was the most often used medicine for this purpose, though its usage is now discouraged.

astringent pharmacology An astringent is any of a category of chemicals that cause tissues to contract or shrink and fluids to dry up. According to their mode of action, astringents are divided into three categories: (1) those that reduce blood supply by narrowing small blood vessels (e.g., epinephrine and cocaine), (2) those that extract water from the tissue (e.g., glycerol and alcohol), and (3) those that coagulate the superficial tissue layers into a crust (e.g., glycerol and alcohol) (e.g., metallic astringents, such as calamine or alum). Astringents are commonly used in medicine to dry up excessive secretions and (in this case, they are generally referred to as styptics) to halt bleeding. They are used to minimise swelling mucous membranes that occur from inflammations of the nasal, gastrointestinal, and urinary passages.

depressant \sdrug

In medicine, a depressive is a chemical or other substance that reduces the activity of the body's important organs. General anaesthetics, opiates, alcohol, and hypnotics are all depressants that affect on the central nervous system. Ataractics (tranquillizing medications) function largely on the lower levels of the brain, alleviating tension without impairing mental sharpness.

anti-manic medication

Any drug that stabilises mood by regulating signs of mania, an abnormal psychological state of enthusiasm, is known as an antimanic drug.

Mania is a severe sort of emotional disturbance in which a person becomes more and excessively euphoric while also becoming hyperactive in speech and locomotion. Significant insomnia (inability to sleep), excessive chatting, overwhelming confidence, and an increase in appetite are frequently associated with this condition. As the episode progresses, the person suffers racing thoughts, intense agitation, and incoherence, which are frequently replaced by delusions, hallucinations, and paranoia, and the person may eventually become angry and violent, collapsing. Bipolar disorder develops when periods of depression and mania alternate in some people.

The simple salts lithium chloride or lithium carbonate are the most effective antimanic medicines, which are usually used for bipolar disorder. Although large doses of lithium can cause major adverse effects, the ability to monitor blood levels and keep doses within reasonable limits makes it an effective treatment for manic episodes, and it can also help patients with bipolar disorder regulate their mood swings. Lithium has a slow beginning of action, taking many weeks to take effect after starting medication. The exact mechanism by which it works is unknown.

Loss of coordination, drowsiness, weakness, slurred speech, and blurred vision, as well as more serious chaotic cardiac rhythm and brain-wave activity with seizures, may occur if patients take an overdose of lithium or if their normal salt and water metabolism becomes unbalanced by intervening infections that cause anorexia or fluid loss. Because lithium is eliminated in the urine with salt, all that is necessary for treatment is rehydration and supportive care. Long-term use of lithium, on the other hand, can impair the body's capacity to respond correctly to the hormone vasopressin, which drives water reabsorption, leading to the development of diabetes insipidus, a condition marked by intense thirst and the generation of excessively dilute urine. Lithium can also interfere with the thyroid gland's reaction to the pituitary gland's thyroxin-stimulating hormone.

Valproic acid, carbamazepine, gabapentin, benzodiazepines (e.g., clonazepam and lorazepam), haloperidol, and chloropromazine are some of the other medications used to treat mania. These medicines diminish the severity of manic episodes by reducing nerve impulse transmission in the brain. They are important antimanic alternatives to lithium in cases where lithium does not provide adequate symptom control, and they can be used in combination with lithium, with some exceptions, especially when rapid control of acute mania is required to bridge the lithium therapy's delayed onset of action.